Recent evidences have indicated that the nutrients such as glucose and amino acids are not only bodily construction materials and energy source but also affect as signal molecules in the control of the cellular functions through the protein phosphorylation reaction. mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) and AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) which are activated by reacting to amino-acid supplementation and glucose-depletion are known as protein kinases regulated in activities by the nutrients. AMPK is regarded to be a major energy sensor in the eukaryotic cells, and it has been reported that it inhibits the mTOR pathway as well as contributing to synthesis enhancing and suppression in consumption of ATP. GBF1 (Golgi-specific brefeldin A resistance factor 1) is a novel AMPK substrate and it has been reported that the phoshorylation of GBF1 at Thr1337 plays an important role in Golgi apparatus disassembly induced under stress condition. For research use only, not for use in diagnostic procedures.
